CLON

Cloning (Biotechnology) 
Cloning in biology - a method to obtain several identical organisms through neuter (including vegetative) reproduction. 

The term cloning has come to the Russian language from English. Only slightly modifying their sound and writing, he is tracing paper the English clone, cloning. At the same English word is used (as a biological term) of less than 100 years ago. However, during this short period to life the words it has already managed several times to change its znachenie.Istoriya terminaSoderzhanie
Originally, the word clone (cloning English from Greek. Κλων - «branchlet, escape, scion») were used for a group of plants (eg fruit trees) from a single plant manufacturer of vegetative (not seed) means. These plant-descendants exactly repeat the quality of its progenitor, and served as the basis for breeding new varieties (in the case of the value of their properties for gardening). Later became known as the clone is not only a whole group, but each plant in it (except the first), but getting such descendants - cloning. Over time, the meaning of the term spread and he became consumed with the cultivation of bacteria. Uspekhi biology have shown that in plants, and bacteria, the similarities with the descendants of the producing organism is subject to the genetic identity of all members of clones. Then the term cloning has become used to describe the production of all lines of organisms, and are identical to that of his descendants. Later, the name of cloning has been postponed and the very technology of identical organisms, known as the replacement of the nucleus, and then also to all organisms that have been received as of such technology, the first tadpoles to the sheep Dolly. And in the late 1990's, XX century, implying the possibility of applying the same technology to produce genetically identical human individuals, and talking about human cloning. The term has ceased to be the province of the scientific community, he picked up the media, film, literature, manufacturers of computer games, and he entered the language as common words, no longer has a special meaning, which he had about a hundred years nazad.Molekulyarnoe cloning .

Due to the fundamental biological discoveries on 19 th - 20 th century, namely: the opening of the cell structure of tissues, the invention of electron microscope, opening the structure of the cell nucleus, chromosomes, DNA and genes - is it possible that now is called molecular cloning. This cloning technology is the smallest biological objects - molecules of DNA, their parts and even individual genes. For the molecular cloning of DNA (usually in one way or another to change) into the vector (eg, bacterial plasmid or a bacteriophage genome. Multiply, bacteria and phages multiply and increase the number of introduced DNA in accuracy while maintaining its structure. To then select a large number of these DNA necessary to separate the bacteria or phages, which contain it, from all the others, for which purpose use cloning, ie, the selection and multiplication of bacterial or phage clone, containing the appropriate DNA molecule. To facilitate the selection of bacterial clones in the plasmid is usually injected a gene resistant to antibiotics most commonly ampicillin, in the presence of which kills all bacteria, no cloned plasmids. This cloning is necessary for the study of biological molecules, their identification, addressing the cloning of tissues and multicellular organisms dr.Klonirovanie 

The greatest attention of scientists and the public involves the cloning of multicellular organisms, made possible by the advances of genetic engineering. By creating special conditions and interfering with the structure of cell nuclei are forced to develop its expertise in the desired tissue or even in a pre-planned organism. It opened not only methods of reproduction of the organism from which the cell was taken, but another body - that which was taken only the genetic material. There is in principle the possibility of playing, even the dead body. And even if it remained part of the minimum - if only one could identify genetic material. There are full and partial cloning of organisms. When fully recreate the entire body entirely, in part - the body recreated - respectively - not completely. For example, only some sort of fabric. One of the most promising applications of cloning, tissue - cell therapy in medicine. Such cells could compensate for the lack of defects and the body's own tissue and not rejected in the transplant. This so-called reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning involves that the result is a whole organism. In addition to scientific purposes, it can be used for the reconstruction of extinct species or the conservation of rare and drTerapevticheskoe cloning suggests that as a result of deliberately not get the whole organism. Its development stopped in advance, and the resulting cells are used to generate the desired tissue or other biological products. Experiments have shown that therapeutic cloning can be successfully used to treat certain diseases that are considered incurable.

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